Buffered ETFs, also known as defined outcome products, have gained traction in recent years by offering partial downside protection in exchange for capped gains. Each fund is structured to shield investors from a set percentage of losses, typically 10% to 20%, over a fixed period. In return, gains are limited, and the terms reset at the end of each outcome window. Buffered ETFs struggled to gain traction after their late 2018 debut — and for good reason. From 2019 through 2021, the S&P 500 returned an average of 24% annually, leaving little appeal for products that cap upside. But a sharp downturn in 2022 changed the equation. With the index falling nearly 20% that year, investors poured nearly $10 billion into buffered ETFs, breathing new life into the once-overlooked product. During times of declining equities, investors often rely more heavily on bonds. But in recent years that strategy hasn’t always worked out, according to Charles Champagne, head of ETF strategy at Allianz Investment Management. “When you have an equity and fixed income portfolio, if equities are in a tougher market, you expect your fixed income to offset those losses, and that just really hasn’t happened in the past [couple of years],” Champagne said. “So these products really help in that capacity.” To build buffered ETFs, issuers like Allianz use options to shape both downside protection and upside limits. They start by buying a deep-in-the-money call to mirror market exposure. Then, to create the buffer, they buy an at-the-money put and sell an out-of-the-money put, defining how much loss the fund will absorb. To offset the cost of this protection, they sell a call option, which in turn sets the cap on gains. This options mix allows issuers to offer defined outcomes over a set time frame, typically one year.